Method and apparatus for time and frequency synchronization of OFDM communication systems

ABSTRACT

A method and apparatus for joint time and frequency synchronization for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. A multitone pilot signal is sent in a designated OFDM symbol period. The receiver synchronizes to the pilot signal in a two-stage procedure. The first stage estimates the frequency offset coarsely with a frequency-domain correlation method and estimates the time offset with smoothed time-domain correlation. In a multipath channel, the smoothed time offset estimate is used to locate a cyclic prefix interval which captures the maximum total signal energy. The second stage improves the frequency estimate with a computationally efficient numerical optimization method.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to communication systems utilizing orthogonalfrequency division multiplexing (OFDM).

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is a widely-usedtechnique for wireless and other types of communications. In OFDM, datais transmitted in parallel over multiple equally spaced carrierfrequencies using Fourier transform methods for modulation anddemodulation. By inserting a guard period or guard interval, referred toas a cyclic prefix, between symbols, data on OFDM subcarriers can bereceived orthogonally with no inter-carrier interference (ICI) and nointersymbol interference (ISI). Eliminating the ICI and ISI mitigatesthe effects of delay spread, making OFDM well-suited to wirelessmultipath channels. Moreover, for wireless channels, OFDM can be usedwith coding to easily exploit frequency diversity and combat Rayleighfading to improve reliable information transfer.

It is well-known that OFDM systems demand strict timing and frequencysynchronization between the transmitter and receiver. To avoidintersymbol interference (ISI), the receiver must adjust its symboltiming so that the symbol transitions occur within the cyclic prefixesbetween the symbols. In a multipath channel, the cyclic prefix mustcontain the symbol transitions under all signal paths. Also, being amulticarrier system, the OFDM receiver and transmitter need to betightly frequency synchronized in order to avoid intercarrierinterference (ICI).

Several methods have been proposed for OFDM time and frequencysynchronization. Blind algorithms known in the art generally do not useany pilot training signals and typically exploit the correlation of theOFDM cyclic prefix for synchronization. While blind methods aregenerally not wasteful of bandwidth on synchronization pilots, thesynchronization accuracy is typically not as good as that attained usingpilot-assisted methods. Other known systems utilize pilot-assistedsynchronization methods based on a number of different pilotsynchronization signals.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In the present invention, the receiver performs the time and frequencysynchronization using a multitone pilot synchronization signaltransmitted in a designated OFDM symbol period. The multitone pilotsignal consists of discrete tones whose tone frequencies and tonecoefficients are a priority known to the receiver.

The synchronization from the multitone signal is preferably performed intwo stages. The first stage uses a coarse frequency discretization usingF candidate frequency offset estimates. For each candidate frequencyoffset, a smoothed time-domain correlation (TDC) estimation procedure isused to estimate the pilot signal's time offset and received signalenergy. The procedure yields F candidate time-frequency offset estimatepairs, and the time-frequency estimate corresponding to the largestdetected energy is selected.

After the first stage is completed, the frequency offset estimate isrefined in a second stage by a numerical optimization procedure. Thetime estimate from the first stage and the optimization procedure of thesecond stage finds the frequency offset at which the correlation betweenthe received signal and the pilot signal is maximized. A computationallyefficient method for performing the optimization, described herein, maybe utilized.

An alternate, simpler implementation of the first stage may also beutilized. In such an implementation, the frequency candidates areassumed to be integer multiples of a certain basic frequency. Under thisassumption, an estimate of the frequency with the maximum energy can beselected using a frequency domain correlation method. After thefrequency has been estimated, the time offset is estimated by a smoothedTDC estimation as before.

In both implementations of the first stage, the TDC correlation can beimplemented with standard Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) methods forcomputational efficiency. The first implementation requires one FFT ofthe received data plus one FFT for each of the F TDC estimators for atotal of F+1 FFTs. The simplified implementation requires only two FFTs.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In the drawing figures, which are not to scale, and which are merelyillustrative, and wherein like reference characters denote similarelements throughout the several views:

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a system of a type utilizing the presentinvention;

FIG. 2 is an illustrative representation of a general OFDM signal;

FIG. 3 is an illustrative representation of an OFDM signal beingreceived with both time and frequency offsets;

FIG. 4 is an illustrative representation of an OFDM signal withmultitone synchronization signals;

FIG. 5 is a block diagrammatic representation of a two-stagesynchronization system and receiver in accordance with a preferredembodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 6 is a block diagrammatic representation of a system implementing apreferred initial time and frequency offset estimator;

FIG. 7 is an illustrative representation of multipath signal receptionand the relative energies of received signals at various arrival times;

FIG. 8 is a block diagrammatic representation of a preferred smoothedtime domain correlation estimator;

FIG. 9 is a block diagrammatic representation of an alternate embodimentof an initial time and frequency offset estimator;

FIG. 10 is a block diagrammatic representation of a preferred frequencyoffset estimate refinement block; and

FIG. 11 is an exemplary representation of a multitone synchronizationsignal from an OFDM channel estimation pilot signal.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Other objects and features of the present invention will become apparentfrom the following detailed description, considered in conjunction withthe accompanying drawing figures.

Problem Definition

With initial reference FIG. 1, there is illustrated an OFDM system 10 ofa type utilizing the present invention. A transmitter 10 and receiver 20are linked over a channel 12 that imparts an unknown time and frequencyoffset on a transmitted OFDM signal. Synchronization is the processwhere the receiver estimates these time and frequency offsets.

FIG. 2 illustrates a general OFDM signal 200 arriving with an offset 30from the receiver timing. An OFDM signal is a sequence of symbols 40 ofduration T_(s). Each symbol period contains a data period 42 of durationT, and a cyclic prefix period 44 of duration T_(cp). Data is transmittedduring the data period 42, while the cyclic prefix 44 acts a guardinterval between symbols.

The marks 50 on the time axis 80 of FIG. 2 represent the beginnings ofthe OFDM symbol periods as measured at the receiver 20. As shown in FIG.2, the OFDM signal 40 arrives with a time offset 30, τ, relative to thereceiver symbol timing. Thus it can be seen that the OFDM symbol 40 andreceiver symbol period 60 do not begin at the same time. For properreception, the time offset 30 must be less than the cyclic prefix length44, i.e. 0≦τ<T_(cp).

Referring now to FIG. 3, there is illustrated an OFDM signal 300 beingreceived with both time offsets 30 and frequency offsets 70. In OFDM,the data period of each symbol is a linear combination of N tones 72spaced in frequency with uniform spacing 74, shown as 1/T. The OFDMsignal 300 is thus represented in FIG. 3 as a time-frequency grid, witheach column 77 representing the time interval for one OFDM symbol 79,and each horizontal line 78 representing the frequency location of oneof the tones. Data is transmitted in the OFDM signal 300 by modulatingthe tones 72 in the OFDM symbols. An OFDM signal with N tones cantransmit N complex values per OFDM symbol.

The time axis 80 of FIG. 3 is marked at the points 50 where the receiver20 begins the samples for each OFDM symbol 79. The frequency axis 82 ismarked at the frequencies 87 where the receiver 20 samples the tones 72.As shown in FIG. 3, the OFDM signal 300 arrives with a time offset 30,τ, and frequency offset 70, f, relative to the receiver sampling. Forproper reception, the frequency offset 70, f, must be much smaller thanthe tone spacing 1/T (74); and, as stated earlier in connection withFIG. 2, the time offset 30, τ, must be smaller than the cyclic prefixlength 44, T_(cp). The purpose of synchronization, as further describedbelow, is to estimate these time and frequency offsets to enable thereceiver to align its sampling with the received signal.

Multitone Synchronization

With reference to FIGS. 1 through 4, FIG. 4 illustrates the transmissionand reception of the preferred multitone synchronization signals of thepresent invention. In order for the receiver 20 to synchronize to thetransmitter 10, the transmitter 10 sends a certain multitonesynchronization signal 500 as part of overall signal 350. A multitonesynchronization signal 500 is a signal transmitted in a time interval 84preferably having the duration of a single OFDM symbol period 77 on somesubset of the N tones 72. Using the number S to denote the number oftones in the multitone synchronization signal 500, and for each s-thtone, s=1, . . . , S, then n_(s) will denote a tone frequency index, andU_(s) will denote the complex value transmitted on the tone. FIG. 4shows the time-frequency placement of an exemplary multitonesynchronization signal 500. In FIG. 4, the signal 500 has S=3 tones,whose frequency locations are indicated by the hatched areas 86.

It can be seen from the above that to conduct synchronization, thereceiver should sample the overall signal 350 in a time intervalcontaining the multitone synchronization signal 500. Thissynchronization sample interval 62 must be sufficiently large as tofully contain the synchronization signal 500 for all possible timingoffsets 30, τ. Consequently, the receiver preferably has some a prioribound on a maximum time offset. This bound can be found from someprevious, coarser synchronization using any preferred, art recognizedtechnique, as a matter of design choice. In the case of a multipathchannel, for example, the sample interval 62 should be sufficientlylarge as to contain all possible received copies of the signal 350.

Two-Stage Synchronization

With continuing reference to FIGS. 1 through 4, and referring also toFIG. 5, there is illustrated a proposed two-stage system 22 forsynchronizing the receiver 20 from the data captured in thesynchronization sample interval discussed above. The system 22 ispreferably configured to reside at or proximate the receiver 20. Thesystem could be implemented in a microprocessor, general purposecomputer, digital signal processor, other art-recognized platform, orsome combination of the aforementioned.

In the system of the present invention, a synchronization intervalsampler 24 first extracts and samples the component of the signal fromthe synchronization sample interval. As is known in the art of OFDMprocessing, the sampler 24 preferably uses a sample period of T/N. Thesequence of baseband, complex samples are denoted by y(m), m=0, . . . ,M_(y)−1, where M_(y) denotes the total number of samples in thesynchronization sample interval. The synchronization system 22 also hasstored therein the values of a reference multitone synchronizationsignal in a read-only memory (ROM) 25. The reference synchronizationsignal can be stored in either the time or frequency domain format, aswill be further discussed herein.

After capturing the data from the synchronization interval 62, asdiscussed above, time and frequency offsets are estimated by locatingthe multitone signal 500 within the captured data. For preferredcomputational reasons, the time and frequency offset estimation isperformed in two stages. An initial time-frequency offset estimator 26yields a time offset estimate {circumflex over (τ)} and an initialfrequency offset estimate {circumflex over (f)}_(init). As will beexplained further hereinbelow, the initial estimation is performed by adiscrete search over a finite set of frequency candidates. Consequently,the frequency estimate may initially not be as accurate as may bedesired. To improve the frequency offset estimate, a frequency offsetrefinement block 28 performs a certain numerical optimization procedureyielding an improved frequency offset estimate denoted {circumflex over(f)}. The time and frequency offset estimates, {circumflex over (τ)} and{circumflex over (f)}, from the aforementioned two stages, are used bythe receiver 20 to synchronize to the received signal and perform theregular, art-recognized receiver tasks.

Initial Time and Frequency Offset Estimation

Turning now to FIG. 6, there is depicted a block diagram of a systemimplementing the proposed initial time and frequency offset estimationperformed by estimator 26. Generally, the initial estimation ispreferably obtained by conducting a discrete search over a pre-selectedset of candidate frequency offsets, {circumflex over (f)}₁, . . . ,{circumflex over (f)}_(F). As discussed in greater detail below, thecandidate frequency offsets can be taken from the range of possiblefrequency offsets. For each candidate frequency offset, {circumflex over(f)}_(i), an initial estimator searches the received signal samples,y(m), for a frequency shifted version of the multitone synchronizationsignal, u₀(m). This search yields estimates of the pilot signal energy,Ê_(i), and pilot signal time offset, {circumflex over (τ)}_(i),corresponding to the candidate frequency offset estimates, {circumflexover (f)}_(i). The initial estimator then selects the time and frequencyoffset estimate pair, ({circumflex over (τ)}_(i), {circumflex over(f)}_(i)), corresponding to the largest detected energy, Ê_(i).

The input y(m) is the sequence of time-domain samples from thesynchronization interval sampler 24 in FIG. 5. The input u₀(m) is thesequence of time-domain samples of the reference multitonesynchronization signal, which can be loaded from ROM 25. Similar toy(m), the samples for u₀(m) are preferably taken with the standard OFDMsampling period of T/N. If the multitone signal has S tones at frequencyindices n_(s) with complex values U_(s), the samples are given by

${{u_{0}(m)} = {\sum\limits_{s = 1}^{S}{U_{s}{\mathbb{e}}^{2\pi\; i\; m\;{n_{s}/N}}}}},{m = {0\mspace{14mu}\ldots}}\mspace{14mu},{M_{u} - 1},$

where M_(U)=┌NT_(s)/T┐ is the number of samples to cover oneT_(s)-length OFDM symbol period.

The reference multitone signal u₀(m) is multiplied by the exponentials,e^(2πi{circumflex over (f)}) _(i) ^(Tm/N), to create frequency shiftedreference signals, u_(i)(m), i=1, . . . , F.

The time-domain correlation (TDC) estimators 32 then search for thefrequency-shifted reference signals, u_(i)(m), within the receivedsignal, y(m). The search is performed via a smoothed time-domaincorrelation estimate that will be explained below. For each candidatefrequency offset estimate {circumflex over (f)}_(i), the smoothed TDC 32yields: {circumflex over (τ)}_(i), an estimate of the time offset of thefrequency shifted signal, u_(i)(m), within the received signal, y(m);and Ê_(i), an estimate of the reference signal energy, within thereceived signal.

After performing the smoothed TDC estimates, the selector block 34selects the estimate from the F candidate time-frequency offsetestimates, ({circumflex over (τ)}_(i), {circumflex over (f)}_(i)), i=1,. . . ,F corresponding to the maximum detected energy, Ê_(i).

Smoothed Time Domain Correlation Estimation for Multipath Channels

With reference to FIGS. 1 through 7, FIG. 7 illustrates an exemplarytiming estimation problem for a multipath channel. In OFDM transmission,it is known that certain channels may be multipath, meaning that signalsfrom the transmitter can arrive at the receiver via several differentphysical routes. In the synchronization system of the present invention,multipath channels result in the receiver 20 receiving several copies ofthe multitone synchronization signal 500, each copy arriving at adifferent time. FIG. 7 illustrates an exemplary multipath delay profile.The figure shows a number of multipath arrival times 64 of the multitonesynchronization signal 500 within the synchronization sample interval62, each arrival time being indicated by a vertical arrow. The height ofthe arrows indicate the relative energy of the copies arriving at eachtime.

Referring now to FIG. 8, in the system of the present invention, each ofTDC estimators 32 comprises three functional blocks. The first block isa standard time-domain correlation (TDC) block 52 and computes R_(i)(m),the cross-correlation between u_(i)(m) and the received signal. Thecross-correlation magnitude, |R_(i)(m) |, is a standard estimate of theenergy of the reference synchronization signal, ui(m), received at atime offset of m samples. The cross-correlation R_(i)(m) can be computedby standard FFT methods.

The second block, the smoothing filter 54, computes {overscore(R)}_(i)(m), the sum of the cross-correlation magnitudes, |{overscore(R)}_(i)(l)|, in a T_(cp)-length interval beginning at a time offset ofm samples. This summation can be computed with a standard finite impulseresponse (FIR) filter on the input |{overscore (R)}_(i)(l)|.

The final block, the maximum detector 56, computes, Ê_(i), the maximumvalue of the filtered output, {overscore (R)}_(i)(m), and {circumflexover (τ)}_(i), the time corresponding to the sample m at which{overscore (R)}_(i)(m) is maximized.

Now, since |R_(i)(m)| represents an estimate of the energy of thereference synchronization signal, u_(i)(m), received at a time offset ofm samples, the filtered cross-correlation, {overscore (R)}_(i)(m),represents an estimate of the total energy in a T_(cp)-length intervalat a time offset of m samples. Therefore, the maximum detector 56output, {circumflex over (τ)}_(i) is an estimate of the time τ at whichthe energy of the reference signal received in the time interval |τ,τ+T_(cp)| is maximized. The output Ê_(i) is an estimate of the totalreceived energy.

Simplified Initial Time and Frequency Offset Estimation

FIG. 9 is a block diagram of an alternative, simpler embodiment of aninitial time and frequency offset estimator 260. The initial time andfrequency estimator 26 in FIG. 6 requires more computing overhead thanestimator 260. Specifically estimator 26 requires F smoothed TDCestimators, and each TDC requires an M-point FFT followed by a smoothingoperation. Therefore, performing the procedure could be beyond thecomputational resources of certain receivers if F is large. The number,F, of candidate frequency offsets to test needs to be large when anaccurate estimate is required or the initial frequency range is large.

The system in FIG. 9 provides an alternative, computationally simplermethod for obtaining initial estimates, {circumflex over (τ)} and{circumflex over (f)}_(init), of the time and frequency offsets of themultitone signal u₀(m) in the received signal y(m). The basis of thissimplified estimator is to first obtain a frequency offset estimate,{circumflex over (f)}_(init), and then use the frequency offset estimateto obtain a time offset estimate, {circumflex over (τ)}.

For the frequency offset estimate, the system in FIG. 9 first computesY(n), by performing an FFT of the received signal y(m) in FFT block 262.The system also uses an FFT of the multitone reference signal u₀(m).This output of FFT block 262 is denoted U₀(n), but this value can alsopreferably be pre-computed and loaded from the synchronization signalROM 25 in FIG. 5 (not shown).

With the FFTs computed, the frequency offset is easily estimated byfinding frequency offset at which the reference multitone signal and thereceived signal are maximally correlated. To this end, afrequency-domain correlation estimator 264 sets the frequency estimateby the formula: {circumflex over (f)}_(init)=kΔf , where Δf is the FFTtone spacing, and k is the offset at which U₀(n+k) and Y(n) aremaximally correlated.

After determining a frequency offset estimate {circumflex over(f)}_(init), the time offset, {circumflex over (τ)}, can be estimated asbefore. That is, the reference signal can be shifted by the frequencyoffset estimate {circumflex over (f)}_(init), and then a smoothed TDC266 can be used to estimate the time offset of the frequency shiftedreference signal within the received signal. As before, the timeestimation can be performed with the FFTs U₀(n) and Y(n).

Frequency Offset Estimation Refinement

FIG. 10 shows a block diagram of a possible implementation of the“frequency offset estimate refinement” block in FIG. 5.

The first block 101, the T-length interval extractor has two inputs:y(m), a sequence of received synchronization samples, and {circumflexover (τ)}, a time estimate. The output of this block consists of asubset of the y(m) sequence, which is defined as follows. The startingpoint of the subset sequence is τ away from the beginning of y(m)sequence. The length of the subset is equal to the interval of uO(m),the reference multitone signal.

The second block 103, the numerical oscillator, generates a sequence ofcomplex samples e^(2π1m), (which is similar to what is shown in FIG. 6).

The output sequences of the first and the second blocks are multipliedby multiplier 105 and the result is a sequence to be inputted to thethird block 107, the correlator. The other input of this block is thereference sample sequence u0(m). The correlator block outputs thecorrelation of the two input sequences.

The last block 109, the numerical optimizer, takes the correlation inputand adjusts the frequency estimate {circumflex over (f)}. Standardnumerical optimization procedures can be used in this block. Theadjusted frequency estimate is fed back to the second block, and theabove procedure repeats.

More specifically, the frequency offset estimate, {circumflex over(f)}_(init), from the initial time and frequency offset estimation maynot in all circumstances be sufficiently accurate for the chosenapplication. As described above, the initial estimator is based ontesting discrete frequency offset candidates. In order that thecomputation in the initial estimation is not overwhelming, the number offrequency offset candidates, F, must be kept small. Also, in thesimplified estimator, the frequency can be estimated only within the FFTtone spacing. Consequently, a more accurate estimate of the frequencyoffset may be needed after the initial estimation has been performed.

The system in FIG. 10 can be used to find a more accurate frequencyoffset estimate. The input y(m) to the system is the time-domain samplesof the received signal, and u₀(m) is the reference multitone signaldescribed previously. The system first uses the time offset estimate,{circumflex over (τ)}, computed in the T-length interval extractor 101initial estimation stage, to extract a T-length sample of y(m)containing the reference multitone signal.

A numerical oscillator 103 generates a complex exponential of acandidate frequency offset, {circumflex over (f)}. The T-length sampleof the received signal y(m) is then multiplied in multiplier 105 by theoscillator output, frequency shifting the received signal by {circumflexover (f)}. The frequency-shifted received signal is then correlated incorrelator 107 against the reference multitone signal u₀(m). Thiscorrelation can be performed by standard FFT methods. In particular, ifu₀(m) is a multitone signal with S tones, the correlation can becomputed from the corresponding S FFT outputs.

In principle, the true frequency offset is the frequency at which thecorrelation is maximized. A numerical optimization block 109 recursivelytests different frequency offsets {circumflex over (f)} and selects thefrequency offset which maximizes the correlation. The optimization canbe conducted with standard numerical optimization procedures using thefrequency offset estimate {circumflex over (f)}_(init) from the initialtime and frequency offset estimation as a starting point.

Application to OFDM Systems with Channel Estimation Pilot Signals

FIG. 11 shows an exemplary construction of a multitone synchronizationsignal from an OFDM channel estimation pilot signal. In certain OFDMsystems, the transmitter sends a well-known pilot, or reference, signalfrom which any receiver can estimate the channel and coherentlydemodulate the data. The OFDM channel estimation pilot signal istypically sent on some designated subset of the tones in designated OFDMsymbol periods. In a given OFDM symbol period, the tones used for thechannel estimation pilot signal are called “channel estimation pilottones”, or simply “pilot tones”. The remaining non-pilot tones are usedfor data transmission to the receivers. FIG. 11 shows an exampledistribution of channel estimation pilot tones in the time-frequencygrid. The pilot tones are indicated by the hatched regions 420.

In OFDM systems with channel estimation pilot signals, the channelestimation pilot signal can also be used for timing and frequencysynchronization. To this end, a receiver first coarsely synchronizes tothe channel estimation pilot signal, approximately locating it in timeand frequency. The receiver then selects one of the OFDM symbols anduses the channel estimation pilot tones within the symbol as a multitonesynchronization signal. In the example depicted in FIG. 11, the pilottones selected for use as synchronization tones are indicated by thesolid intervals 450. Any OFDM symbol containing channel estimation pilottones can be used. The receiver can then follow the teachings hereindescribed above and estimate the time and frequency offsets accuratelyfrom the multitone synchronization signal. In this way, the receiver canobtain synchronization without having the transmitter send any pilots inaddition to the pilot used for channel estimation.

Thus the instant invention offers benefits over prior art systems. Forexample, the multitone signals are a well suited choice for OFDMsynchronization pilots, since they can be transmitted on tones distinctfrom the data tones so that they do not interfere with the regular datatransmission. Also, many existing or proposed OFDM systems periodicallytransmit multitone signals as channel estimation pilots in manners knownin the art. These multitone channel estimation pilots could also be usedfor the purpose of timing and frequency synchronization. In the priorart, it was necessary to transmit the synchronization pilot signals inaddition to the channel estimation pilots.

Thus, as has been set forth above, one feature of the present inventionis that the time and frequency synchronization can be performed jointlyin a computationally efficient manner. Specifically, the computationalload is reduced by using a two-stage procedure of coarse estimationfollowed by frequency estimate refinement. Also, in the proposedsimplified implementation search method, the frequency offset isestimated before the time offset and the joint two-dimensional search isavoided.

Additionally, the timing synchronization method is well-suited tomultipath channels. The smoothed TDC estimator presented herein locatesa cyclic prefix length interval which captures the maximum receivedsignal energy. The location of the interval is estimated withoutestimating the individual path's locations.

The system and methods taught herein can be utilized in a wide varietyof communications systems, whether over wired, wireless, ultrasonic,optical, laser or other art recognized channels or media, includingunderwater. The system may be implemented as discrete components,integrated components, application specific integrated circuits, insoftware, hardware or firmware, in a digital signal processor,microprocessor, or as a combination of one or more of the aforementionedimplementation methodologies, or otherwise, as a matter of designchoice.

Thus, while there have been shown and described and pointed outfundamental novel features of the invention as applied to preferredembodiments thereof, it will be understood that various omissions andsubstitutions and changes in the form and details of the disclosedinvention may be made by those skilled in the art without departing fromthe spirit of the invention. It is the intention, therefore, to belimited only as indicated by the scope of the claims appended hereto.

1. An orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) communicationdevice, comprising: an OFDM receiver for receiving an OFDM signalcontaining a multitone synchronization signal; a synchronizationinterval sampler coupled to said receiver; an initial time and frequencyoffset estimator connected to said sampler and said receiver; and afrequency offset estimate refinement unit connected to said receiver,said sampler and said receiver, wherein a reference multitonesynchronization signal is used by said estimator and said refinementdevice in calculating a time offset and a frequency offset of saidmultitone synchronization signal, said receiver utilizing said timeoffset and said frequency offset to synchronize with said received QFDMsignal, and wherein said initial time and frequency offset estimatorcomprises: a plurality of smoothed time-domain correlation estimatorsfor outputting a series of time offset estimate and correlation estimatepairs, each pair related to a frequency offset estimate; and a selectorfor selecting a selected time offset estimate and a selected initialfrequency offset based in part upon the selection of the frequencyoffset estimate and time offset estimate that corresponds with thelargest value of correlation estimate.
 2. The system of claim 1, whereinthe initial time and frequency offset estimator uses a coarse frequencydiscretization using F candidate frequency offsets.
 3. The system ofclaim 1, wherein said reference multitone synchronization signal has alength of T, and wherein said frequency offset estimate refinementdevice comprises: a T-length interval extractor for extracting aT-length sample of the output of said sampler; a numerical oscillatorfor generating a complex exponential of a candidate frequency offset; amultiplier for multiplying said T-length sample with said complexexponential to obtain a frequency shifted received signal; a correlatorfor correlating said frequency shifted received signal with saidreference multitone synchronization signal and producing a correlationoutput; and a numerical optimizer for receiving said correlation outputand outputting a new frequency offset candidate.
 4. The system of claim3, wherein said new frequency offset candidate and a time offsetassociated with said new frequency offset candidate are used by saidreceiver if said new frequency offset candidate is a candidate thatyields a maximum correlation output.
 5. The system of claim 1, whereineach of said smoothed time domain correlation estimators comprises: atime domain correlator; a smoothing filter connected to said time domaincorrelator and receiving an output from said time domain correlator; anda maximum detector connected to and receiving an output from saidsmoothing filter for detecting a signal energy maxima representing atime estimate at which the energy of said reference multitonesynchronization signal is at a maximum.
 6. A method of synchronizing anorthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) receiver with areceived OFDM signal comprising a multitone synchronization signal,comprising the steps of: obtaining a coarse time offset estimate of saidreceived signal; sampling said received signal in a selected timeinterval to derive samples of said multitone synchronization signal;analyzing said samples with respect to a reference multitonesynchronization signal to obtain, for each sample analyzed, a timeoffset, a frequency offset, and a signal energy; selecting a one of saidanalyzed samples with the greatest signal energy to yield a selectedtime offset estimate and a selected frequency offset estimate for use bysaid receiver in synchronizing with said received OFDM signal; and usingsaid selected time offset estimate and said selected frequency offsetestimate to synchronize said receiver with said received OFDM signal. 7.A method of carrying out OFDM communications comprising: receiving anOFDM signal including within it a multitone synchronization signal;locating said synchronization signal within said OFDM signal;determining a time offset value of said synchronization signal;determining an initial frequency offset value of said synchronizationsignal; and recursively refining said frequency offset estimate to yielda selected pair of time and frequency offset values to be used by saidOFDM receiver; and using said selected pair of time and frequency offsetvalues to synchronize receiver operations with said received OFDMsignal.
 8. A method of carrying out OFDM communications comprising:receiving an OFDM signal including within it a multitone synchronizationsignal; locating said synchronization signal within said OFDM signal;determining a time offset value of said synchronization signal;determining an initial frequency offset value of said synchronizatioinsignal; recursively refining said frequency offset estimate to yield aselected pair of time and frequency offset values to be used by saidOFDM receiver; and wherein said initial time offset value and saidinitial frequency offset value are determined by obtaining a correlationwith a stored reference value of said synchronization signal.
 9. Themethod of claim 8, wherein said correlation is performed seeking amaximum received synchronization signal energy level.
 10. An orthogonalfrequency division multiplexing (OFDM) communication device, comprising:means for receiving an OFDM signal containing a multitonesynchronization signal; means, coupled to said receiving means, forsampling a synchronization interval of said OFDM signal: means,connected to said sampling means and said receiving means, for obtainingan initial time estimate and an initial frequency offset estimate ofsaid OFDM signal; means, connected to said receiving means, saidsampling means and said estimating means, for obtaining a frequencyoffset estimate refinement; storage means, connected to said estimatingmeans and said refinement means, for storing a reference multitonesynchronization signal for use by said estimating means and saidrefinement means in calculating a time offset and a frequency offset ofsaid multitone synchronization signal, said receiving means utilizingsaid time offset and said frequency offset to synchronize with saidreceived OFDM signal; a plurality of means for obtaining smoothedtime-domain (TDC) correlation estimates, said smoothed TDC estimatemeans outputting a series of time offset estimate and correlationestimate pairs, each pair related to a frequency offset estimate; andmeans for selecting a selected time offset estimate and a selectedinitial frequency offset based in part upon the selection of thefrequency offset estimate and time offset estimate that corresponds withthe largest value of correlation estimate.
 11. The system of claim 10,wherein each of said smoothed TDC estimate means comprises: a timedomain correlator; a smoothing filter connected to said time domaincorrelator and receiving an output from said time domain correlator; anda maximum detector connected to and receiving an output from saidsmooching filter for detecting a signal energy maxima representing atime estimate at which the energy of said reference multitonesynchronization signal is at a maximum.
 12. The system of claim 11,wherein the estimating means uses a coarse frequency discretizationusing F candidate frequency offsets.
 13. The system of claim 10, whereinsaid reference multitone synchronization signal has a length of T, andwherein said refinement means comprises: a T-length interval extractorfor extracting a T-length sample of the output of said sampler; anumerical oscillator for generating a complex exponential of a candidatefrequency offset; a multiplier for multiplying said T-length sample withsaid complex exponential to obtain a frequency shifted received signal;a correlator for correlating said frequency shifted received signal withsaid reference multitone synchronization signal and producing acorrelation output; and a numerical optimizer for receiving saidcorrelation output and outputting a new frequency offset candidate. 14.The system of claim 13, wherein said new frequency offset candidate anda time offset associated with said new frequency offset candidate areused by said receiving means if said new frequency offset candidate is acandidate that yields a maximum correlation output.
 15. A device forsynchronizing an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)receiver with a received OFDM signal comprising a multitonesynchronization signal, comprising: means for obtaining a coarse timeoffset estimate of said received signal; means for sampling saidreceived signal in a selected time interval to derive samples of saidmultitone synchronization signal; means for analyzing said samples withrespect to a reference multitone synchronization signal to obtain, foreach sample analyzed, a time offset, a frequency offset; and a signalenergy; means for selecting one of said, analyzed samples with thegreatest signal energy to yield a selected time offset estimate and aselected frequency offset estimate, wherein said selected time offsetestimate and said selected frequency offset estimate are used by saidreceiver in synchronizing with said received OFDM signal; and means forpassing said selected time offset estimate and said selected frequencyoffset estimate to said receiver for use by said receiver insynchronizing with said received OFDM signal.
 16. A device for carryingout OFDM communications comprising: means for receiving an OFDM signalincluding within it a multitone synchronization signal; means forlocating said synchronization signal within said OFDM signal; means fordetermining a time offset value of said synchronization signal; meansfor determining an initial frequency offset value of saidsynchronization signal; and means for recursively refining saidfrequency offset estimate to yield a selected pair of time and frequencyoffset values to be used by said OFDM receiver; and means for passingsaid selected time offset estimate and said selected frequency offsetestimate to a receiver circuit for use by said receiver circuit insynchronizing with said received OFDM signal.
 17. A device for carryingout OFDM communications comprising: means for receiving an OFDM signalincluding within it a multitone synchronization signal; means forlocating said synchronization signal within said OFDM signal; means fordetermining a time offset value of said synchronization signal; meansfor determining an initial frequency offset value of saidsynchronization signal; and means for recursively refining saidfrequency offset estimate to yield a selected pair of time and frequencyoffset values to be used by said OFDM receiver; and wherein said initialtime offset value and said initial frequency offset value are determinedby obtaining a correlation with a stored reference value of saidsynchronization signal.
 18. The device of claim 17, wherein saidcorrelation is performed seeking a maximum received synchronizationsignal energy level.
 19. An OFDM signal processor comprising: an OFDMreceiver for receiving an OFDM signal containing a multitonesynchronization signal; a synchronization interval sampler connected tosaid input and said receiver; an initial time and frequency offsetestimator connected to said sampler and said receiver; and a frequencyoffset estimate refinement device connected to said receiver, saidsampler and said estimator, wherein a reference multitonesynchronization signal is used by said estimator and said refinementdevice in calculating a time offset and a frequency offset of saidmultitone synchronization signal, said receiver utilizing said timeoffset and said frequency offset to synchronize with said received OFDMsignal, and wherein said initial time and frequency offset estimatorcomprises: a plurality of smoothed time-domain correlation estimatorsfor outputting a series of time offset estimate and correlation estimatepairs, each pair related to a frequency offset estimate; and a selectorfor selecting a selected time offset estimate and a selected initialfrequency offset based in part upon the selection of the frequencyoffset estimate and time offset estimate that corresponds with thelargest value of correlation estimate.
 20. The processor of claim 19,wherein each of said smoothed time domain correlation estimatorscomprises: a time domain correlator; a smoothing filter connected tosaid time domain correlator and receiving an output from said timedomain correlator; and a maximum detector connected to and receiving anoutput from said smoothing filter for detecting a signal energy maximarepresenting a time estimate at which the energy of said referencemultitone synchronization signal is at a maximum.
 21. The processor ofclaim 19, wherein the initial time and frequency offset estimator uses acoarse frequency discretization using F candidate frequency offsets. 22.The processor of claim 19, wherein said reference multitonesynchronization signal has a length of T, and wherein said frequencyoffset estimate refinement device comprises: a T-length intervalextractor for extracting a T-length sample of the output of saidsampler; a numerical oscillator for generating a complex exponential ofa candidate frequency offset; a multiplier for multiplying said T-lengthsample with said complex exponential to obtain a frequency shiftedreceived signal; a correlator for correlating said frequency shiftedreceived signal with said reference multitone synchronization signal andproducing a correlation output; and a numerical optimizer for receivingsaid correlation output and outputting a new frequency offset candidate.23. The processor of claim 22, wherein said new frequency offsetcandidate and a time offset associated with said new frequency offsetcandidate are used by said receiver if said new frequency offsetcandidate is a candidate that yields a maximum correlation output. 24.The processor of claim 22, wherein said initial time and frequencyoffset estimator comprises: a first Fast Fourier Transformer forobtaining a transform of said received signal; an second Fast FourierTransformer device for obtaining a transform of said reference multitonesynchronization signal; a frequency domain correlation estimator forreceiving said received signal transform and said reference signaltransform and outputting an initial frequency offset estimate; and atime domain correlation estimator for receiving said received signaltransform and said reference signal transform and said initial frequencyoffset estimate and outputting a time offset estimate.
 25. An OFDMtransmitter comprising: means for transmitting an OFDM signal comprisinga first time interval and a second time interval, each of the first andsecond time intervals including at least one OFDM symbol transmissiontime period, the first and second time intervals recurring on a periodicbasis; means for transmitting data on a plurality frequencies duringsaid first time interval; and means for transmitting, during said secondtime interval, a plurality of synchronization tones in parallel ondifferent non-adjacent, frequencies, said second time interval being apredetermined time period, the frequencies of said synchronization tonesin said second time interval being distinct from said frequencies usedto transmit data in the first time interval, the first time intervalimmediately preceding the second time interval.
 26. A method fortransmitting an OFDM signal comprising the steps of: transmitting anOFDM signal during a first time interval, the first time intervalincluding at least one OFDM symbol transmission time period, said stepof transmitting data during the first time interval includingtransmitting data on a plurality of data frequencies; and transmittingan OFDM signal during a second time interval which includes at least oneOFDM tone, said first and second time intervals being consecutive timeintervals, transmitting during said second time interval includingtransmitting a plurality of synchronization tones at a plurality ofnon-adjacent synchronization frequencies for a predetermined timeperiod, the frequencies of said synchronization tones being distinctfrom said data frequencies used in the first time interval.
 27. Themethod of claim 25, wherein the first and second time intervals aresingle OFDM symbol transmission time periods; and wherein frequenciesused for synchronization tones in a symbol transmission time period arenot used in any immediately consecutive symbol transmission time periodfor synchronization tones.
 28. The method of claim 26, wherein the firstand second time intervals are single OFDM symbol transmission timeperiods; and wherein at least three frequencies are used forsynchronization tones during each symbol transmission time period.